Chizoba: Soil Fertility – Paradigm shift through collective action

A summary of the following article:

Soil Fertility – Paradigm shift through collective action

Author: Dr. André Bationo, Director, AGRA West Africa & Senior Programme Officer, Soil Health Program (Research & Extension)

Date: 25/09/2009

Introduction 
 Studies of land degradation have proven that the sub-Saharan countries have the highest rate of nutrient exhaustion. This is the basic cause of the decrease in per capita food production in Africa. In developed countries, environmental contamination is caused by over application of fertilizers. While in sub-Saharan countries, environmental contamination is as a result of insufficient nutrients application, poor soil management, harsh climatic conditions etc. Studies of fertilizer now show that there is a decrease in fertilizer use in Africa because of low returns due to agro-climatic conditions and current farming methods and because of the lack of information about fertilizers by farmers, retailers and agents. High costs of fertilizers due to foreign production, large units, and costly transport and inconsistent and adverse policy environment such as shifting government and donor subsidy policies usually undermine private investment.

Paradigm Shifts in Soil Fertility Management
A lot of African soil is derived from granite through millennia of weathering. Soils have low response when fertilizer is applied alone. During the 1960s and 1970s, there was the first paradigm shift. This involved the use of external inputs, be it fertilizers, lime, or irrigation water. It was seen as better for crop production. This method worked effectively in Asia and Latin America. However, in the sub Saharan countries it was less effective because of diversity of the agro-ecologies and cropping systems, variability in fertility, weak institutional arrangements, and lack of enabling policy etc In the 1980s, organic resources were believed to enable sustainable agricultural production. This brought about the second paradigm involving soil fertility management.
Lessons from Long-Term Experiments Large-scale farmers in Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe who have been able to sustain high cereal yields recognized the positive crop yield when fertilizer is being added. However, if mineral fertilizer is added alone, yields may decline. For better and sustained crop production, and combined addition of organic inputs and mineral fertilizer is needed.

Way forward
To move forward, Investment is a vital part in ensuring higher yields. It is also important for both public and private systems to empower farmers. Transportation costs are high, domestic production is low and there are few dealers. Country specific strategies can be used to help. There should be support for private firms, as well as subsidies to encourage production. This would lower production costs, provide services to make them venture out. Countries like Malawi, Nigeria, and Afghanistan have proved that this method is successful.

Global Initiatives on Soil Fertility in Africa
In order for Africa to achieve its Green revolution, soil fertility issues have to be thoroughly looked into. Between 1996 and 2001, several steps and plans were made towards soil fertility improvement. Every individual has a part to play towards this. However, collective responsibility is vital.

Sharon: Desertification in Nigeria

Summary of:

“A powerful article by Lanre Oyetade on the human causes and effects of desertification, featured in The Tribun." 

Desertification in Nigeria

Desertification is the process of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub—humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations (drought) and human activities (overexploitation of drylands). Until the recent years, the world's great deserts were formed by natural processes interacting over long intervals of time. During most of these times, deserts have grown and shrunk independent of human activities which is totally different from the way deserts are formed now.

The northern part of Nigeria is currently experiencing drastic desert encroachment, 10 northern states of the country lose 600 meters of land each year as the desert advances southwards while the whole country loses about 350,000 hectares of arable land to desertification. As far as it dates back, desertification has no good effect on the environment; it encroaches and takes up arable land.

“There isn’t enough rain and we have to dig deeper and deeper to find water,” these are words of a farmer in the northern part of Nigeria which in the late 1990s could yield about 40 bags of sorghum and 20 of groundnuts each year, but his bountiful yield has gone as desertification takes over the lands. Even though he now works twice as hard as before, his yield is barely half of what he used to have in the past.

·      What could be the cause of such calamity, how can a land that could yield so many crops be void of nutrient and water that even half of its former yield cannot be reached with so much work?

This is a typical example of a desert, although I couldn’t get the exact location, it is in one of the northern countries of Nigeria, which used to be an arable land but a desert now.

Bare rocks and a pill of sand: Explains the work of wind on bare land, it sweeps across the soil, carrying with it light particles and depositing them in a different location, leaving the land bare and extremely dry for use.

Causes of Desertification

·       Overgrazing

·       Farming on average land

·       Destruction of plants in dry region

·       Incorrect irrigation in arid regions

Effects of desertification

·       Soil becomes less usable

·       Vegetation becomes lacked or damaged

·       Causes famine

·       Food loss

·       People near are affected

Below is a picture of an abandoned village, its habitants had to leave in search of greener pastures and thus the empty village.

Questions to consider:

---    How can the problem of desertification be curbed?

  -What possible role can the government play in extinction of desertification?

  - Is it possible for desertification to be totally wiped out?